The Pioneers of Urology in Porto

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This article explores the emergence and consolidation of urology as a distinct medical specialty in the city of Porto, within the broader institutional development
of hospital care and medical education in northern Portugal. Beginning with the historical context of the Hospital de Santo António and the Medical- Surgical School of Porto, the study highlights the progressive differentiation
of urological practice from general surgery during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Particular attention is given to the contributions
of key figures who shaped the discipline locally. Carlos José de Azevedo Albuquerque is identified as a pioneering surgeon whose early work on urinary tract endoscopy demonstrated a level of technical and scientific advancement comparable to contemporary European practice. The article also examines

the institutional role of Roberto Frias, the first professor responsible for the teaching of Clinical Urology after the creation of the Faculty of Medicine
of Porto in 1911, despite not being a specialist in the field. The subsequent development of the specialty is analyzed through the career of Óscar Moreno, who received specialized training in Paris and later established dedicated urology services at the Hospital de Santo António, significantly improving clinical practice and teaching conditions. By tracing these trajectories, the study illustrates how the institutionalization of urology in Porto resulted from the interaction between individual initiative, international influences, and local healthcare structures, contributing to the modernization of Portuguese medical practice in the early twentieth century.